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Does Temperature Affect Electric Vehicle Performance? Yes, But the Details Matter
Until charging stations are commonplace, owning an electric vehicle will require more planning and preparation than one would expect for a day’s drive. Range is the new MPG, however real-world range isn’t easy to pin down. When the U.S. EPA provides official range ratings, the figures are based on vehicles driving in controlled environments on a predetermined track. EV ownership is full of nuances, and one of the greatest is the affect of weather on range. Let’s explore how electric vehicles perform in cold weather, hot weather, rain and wind.Â
Electric Vehicles in Cold Weather
Cold weather reduces EV range, but how much depends on how toasty you keep the cabin. Sub-freezing temperatures reduce range by between 12% and 30%, but that’s without the climate control on to warm the cabin. Data from AAA found that once the heater is turned on, EV range can drop by as much as 41%. Some real-world tests have found range losses closer to 50% with below-zero temperatures. That’s not good if you travel long distances across the northern states or the Interior West. More on specific impacts below.
Electric Vehicles in Hot Weather
Yes, hot weather does reduce EV range. According to research conducted by AAA, hot temperatures don’t have quite as great of an impact as cold temperatures, but it’s still noticeable. In temperatures of 95 degrees Fahrenheit and the air conditioning on, driving range decreases by 17% on average.
A 17% drop in range would mean that a Model Y normally rated for 330 miles on a charge would get closer to 273 miles. Not too big of a deal. For electric vehicles with less EPA-rated range, it matters more. The standard range 2022 Nissan Leaf normally gets 150 miles on a charge, but that would drop to 124 miles in 95-degree weather. Ouch.
Does Rain Affect EV Range?
Rain, snow and anything else falling from the sky does lower EV range. Why? It creates drag, and EV efficiency is all about aerodynamics. The heavier the rain, the greater the impact on range, even if temperatures are perfect for battery performance.
Speaking of which, what is the ideal temperature for electric vehicle battery performance? Geotab’s analysis of data from 4,200 EVs found that 70 degrees Fahrenheit (21.5 Celsius) is ideal for battery performance. That’s not only perfect for maximum range, it’s great weather all around. Learn more in Geotab’s full report.
How Much Does Wind Impact EV Range?
Similarly, wind’s impacts on electric vehicle range have to do with drag. Drag is in essence aerodynamic friction. Your fancy new electric car can’t slide through the air so efficiently with friction working on it.
Wind can work against you or for you. With a steady tailwind pushing you along, it’s common to exceed range expectations even on the highway. When there’s a substantial headwind, range drops, and sometimes by quite a lot. The impacts of wind on EV range are much more noticeable at highway speeds. It’s possible to gain or lose up to 20% of expected range depending on wind direction.
Weather Impacts Depend on Model and Battery Chemistry
Temperature impacts battery performance differently depending on battery type and overall vehicle engineering. Features such as a heat pump, advanced battery preconditioning and even heated seats are just some of the many ways that engineers can do their best to optimize EV performance in suboptimal weather.
EV data specialists at Recurrent looked at data from all of the popular electric vehicle models. They found that EV range in hot and cold weather varies widely from one make and model to another.
Here’s how some of America’s most popular electric vehicles are affected by cold weather and summer heat.
| Make | Model | Rated Range | Real-World Range (70 deg F) | Cold Weather Range Loss |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tesla | Model 3 | 353 miles | 339 miles | 335 miles (-5% from rated range) |
| Tesla | Model Y | 330 miles | 320 miles | 323 miles (-2% from rated range) |
| Tesla | Model S | 405 miles | 397 miles | 380 miles (-6% from rated range) |
| Tesla | Model X | 351 miles | 326 miles | 326 miles (-7% from rated range) |
| Ford | Mustang Mach-E | 305 miles | 284 miles | 198 miles (-35% from rated range) |
| Chevrolet | Bolt | 259 miles | 254 miles | 171 miles (-34% from rated range) |
| Nissan | Leaf | 226 miles | 237 miles | 205 miles (-9% from rated range) |
| Hyundai | Kona | 258 miles | 288 miles | 240 miles (-7% from rated range) |
| Audi | e-tron | 222 miles | 224 miles | 206 miles (-7% from rated range) |
For a full breakdown of Recurrent’s findings, check out their 2021 report here.
It’s Not Just EVs….
The U.S. Department of Energy says that vehicles powered by traditional internal combustion engines (ICE) also suffer efficiency losses as a result of hot and cold weather. ICE vehicles are especially impacted by hot weather due to air conditioning power requirements. The Department of Energy estimates that ICE vehicles lose about 25% of their typical fuel economy when operating with air conditioning on high settings.
One major difference between EVs and ICE vehicles is the affect of cold weather. Electric vehicles use quite a bit of energy to run the heater, whereas ICE vehicles redirect heat generated by the engine and therefore avoid significant effects on efficiency.
Although EV charging stations are becoming commonplace around major cities, many interstate highways have sparse charging infrastructure. Until charging stations are more reliable and easier to find, driving an EV in cold and hot weather will complicate EV ownership and delay EV adoption. A national charging network is on the way, and public fast-charging networks are growing quickly. With EV market share soaring every month, it’s imperative that we find solutions to this seasonal challenge that affects millions.
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Electric Vehicle Savings: Here’s How Long It Takes to Break Even with $5 Gas Prices (Updated)
We hear it all the time: electric cars save you money. Electricity is cheaper than gas, EVs require less maintenance, and incentives abound. However, there’s no hiding the fact that electric vehicles are expensive, especially the models with the best range, performance and charge rates. To shed light on the reality of electric vehicle savings, we dug deep into the data. How long does it take to break even when buying an EV? We were surprised with what we found.
Five Examples of EVs Versus Combustion Competitors
Tesla Model Y Versus BMW X4
The X4 is one of the most direct competitors to the 2022 Tesla Model Y, the best selling electric vehicle in America. Although Tesla models no longer qualify for the federal EV tax credit, the cost of the BMW X4 and high fuel consumption make this an interesting comparison.
| Model | MSRP | Price Difference | Incentives | Fuel Economy | Range | Time to Refuel | Cost to Refuel ($5.00/gal or $0.14 per kWh) | Annual Fuel Cost (15,000 miles) | Average Annual Maintenance Cost | Time to Break Even |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMW X4 xDrive30i | $51,800 | -- | 24 MPG | 413 miles | 5 min | $86.00 | $3123 | $228 | ||
| Tesla Model Y Long Range | $62,990 | +$11,190 | State and local only | 3.8 mi/kWh (125 MPGe) | 330 miles | 20 to 30 min | $10.50 | $477 | $77 | 4 years |
Ford F-150 Lightning Versus F-150 3.5 Liter 4WD
Pickup trucks get the worst fuel economy. It’s just a matter of physics; the shape of a truck is not aerodynamic, and they’re often heavy. The F-150 Lightning weighs 35% more than the gas-powered F-150. So you would think that the time to break even would be shorter when buying an electric truck over the combustion equivalent.
This side-by-side comparison highlights the importance of price parity for EVs. When EVs are similarly priced to ICE vehicles, the cost of ownership savings are crystal clear. But what about when the electric version costs over $25,000 more out the door? Have a look for yourself.
| Model | MSRP | Price Difference | Incentives | Fuel Economy | Range | Time to Refuel | Cost to Refuel ($5.00/gal or $0.14 per kWh) | Annual Fuel Cost (15,000 miles) | Average Annual Maintenance Cost | Time to Break Even |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ford F-150 Platinum 4WD 3.5 | $62,070 | -- | 20 MPG | 520 miles | 5 min | $130.00 | $3750 | $228 | ||
| Ford F-150 Lightning Platinum | $90,874 | +$28,804 | Fed, state and local | 2.1 mi/kWh (70 MPGe) | 320 miles | 45 min | $18.34 | $860 | $77 | 9.5 yrs (7 yrs with tax credit) |
Toyota bZ4X Versus Toyota RAV4 Hybrid
Toyota sells nearly half a million RAV4s every year. Will things change now that Toyota has launched its first fully-electric vehicle? The all-new bZ4X lacks the range and charging speed to compete with the best in 2022’s electric segment, but how does it stack up to the popular RAV4 hybrid? How long would it take to break even when paying a premium for the electric bZ4X?
| Model | MSRP | Price Difference | Incentives | Fuel Economy | Range | Time to Refuel | Cost to Refuel ($5.00/gal or $0.14 per kWh) | Annual Fuel Cost (15,000 miles) | Average Annual Maintenance Cost | Time to Break Even |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Toyota RAV4 XLE Hybrid | $30,545 | -- | 40 MPG | 580 miles | 5 min | $72.50 | $1,875 | $228 | ||
| Toyota bZ4X XLE FWD | $42,000 | +$11,455 | Fed, state and local | 3.5 mi/kWh (119 MPGe) | 252 miles | 1 hour | $10.19 | $606 | $77 | 8 years (2.7 yrs with tax credit) |
Subaru Solterra Versus Subaru Forester
Subaru’s first EV is built on the same electric platform as the new Toyota bZ4X. Subaru is known for being Earth-friendly, but is the new Solterra EV friendly to your wallet? With range and charging figures more akin to 2015’s standards than today’s best EVs, the Subaru Solterra is off-road capable, but a tough sell for those who truly venture off the beaten path.
| Model | MSRP | Price Difference | Incentives | Fuel Economy | Range | Time to Refuel | Cost to Refuel ($5.00/gal or $0.14 per kWh) | Annual Fuel Cost (15,000 miles) | Annual Maintenance Cost | Time to Break Even |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subaru Forester base | $25,395 | -- | 29 MPG | 481 miles | 5 min | $83.00 | $2,588 | $228 | ||
| Subaru Solterra Premium | $46,220 | +$20,825 | Fed, state and local | 3.1 mi/kWh (104 MPGe) | 228 miles | 1 hour | $9.97 | $677 | $77 | 10 years (6.5 yrs with tax credit) |
Hyundai IONIQ 5 Versus Hyundai Santa Fe
The Hyundai IONIQ 5 won big at the 2022 World Car Awards, but is it a winner for your wallet? It all depends on how much you drive, and how long you plan to keep the vehicle. The Hyundai Santa Fe just received a total makeover, and its price remains much lower than the IONIQ 5’s. Still, EVs are super efficient and electricity is cheap. Just how long would it take to break even when buying an IONIQ 5 EV instead of the more affordable Santa Fe crossover?
Disclaimer: I own a Hyundai IONIQ 5 Limited AWD, and it’s awesome.
| Model | MSRP | Price Difference | Incentives | Fuel Economy | Range | Time to Refuel | Cost to Refuel ($5.00/gal or $0.14 per kWh) | Annual Fuel Cost (15,000 miles) | Average Annual Maintenance Cost | Time to Break Even |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hyundai Santa Fe SEL | $27,875 | -- | 26 MPG | 489 miles | 5 min | $94.00 | $2,883 | $228 | ||
| Hyundai IONIQ 5 SEL RWD | $45,900 | +$18,005 | Fed, state and local | 3.4 mi/kWh (114 MPGe) | 303 miles | 20 to 30 min | $10.15 | $502 | $77 | 7 years (4.2 yrs with tax credit) |
Electric Vehicle Savings: Other Factors to Consider
Incentives
In many states and localities, thousands of dollars of additional incentives are available. Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland and California are just some of the states with very generous EV incentives. State and local incentives can reduce the time to break even considerably. For example, in Delaware, buyers of the Hyundai IONIQ 5 will break even versus the Santa Fe in just 3.5 years with the federal EV tax credit and state rebates factored in.
Conversely, for car buyers who can’t take advantage of the federal EV tax credit or any state incentives, it will take many more years to reap the full savings of switching to an electric vehicle. In the case of the new Ford F-150 Lightning, it could take up to 8 years to break even without any incentives, assuming 15,000 miles per year of driving.
Check this out >>> The North Carolina Clean Energy Technology Center’s DSIRE database is the BEST one-stop resource for all EV incentives. Plus, you’ll see what solar power incentives are available in your area too.
Miles Driven
The difference between driving 10,000 miles per year and 20,000 miles per year is massive when it comes to realizing the savings of driving an EV. The average American driver travels about 14,000 miles per year in their vehicle. Simply put, long-distance commuters, frequent travelers and fleet operators will see the greatest cost savings of going electric.
With the 2023 Ford F-150 Lightning, a driver who travels 15,000 miles per year and can take advantage of the full $7,500 federal EV tax credit should expect to break even versus a combustion F-150 in 7 years. However, if they drive 25,000 miles per year, the break even period narrows to just 4 years. After that, they will be saving roughly $4,000 every year in fuel and maintenance costs. Clearly, EVs make more sense as a long-term purchase.Â
Maintenance
The maintenance figures included in this cost comparison is sourced from We Predict, a Michigan-based data analysis company. They dug deep into automotive maintenance data and found that during the first three years of vehicle ownership, the average annual maintenance for an electric vehicle is just $77. And based on personal experience, that’s likely for new tires (EVs are MUCH heavier).
During the same period, combustion vehicles average $228 in annual maintenance, with most of the costs in the first few years going towards oil changes and the like.
We may be underestimating the maintenance savings associated with going electric when comparing luxury brands. For example, BMW is notorious for costly maintenance. Opting for a Tesla Model Y over a BMW will likely result in even greater maintenance savings, and therefore a reduced break-even period.
Gas Prices!
As of early June 2022, the average gas price in the United States is $4.87 per gallon. In California, it’s $6.34. Nevada, Hawaii, Washington, Oregon and Illinois all have gas prices much higher than the national average. In these states, EV drivers will see even greater fuel savings.Â
Let’s take a closer look at an example of someone purchasing a Hyundai IONIQ 5 in California. We’ll assume that the consumer qualifies for the full $7,500 EV tax credit and the $2,500 state rebate for a zero-emissions vehicle. They drive 15,000 miles per year. At gas prices of $6.34 per gallon, the break even point for the IONIQ 5 versus the Hyundai Santa Fe arrives in just 2.5 years, versus 4 years for the rest of the nation. That figure includes the 59% higher residential electricity rates in California.Â
CarEdge’s Take
What can we learn from this EV cost of ownership comparison? The specifics of your situation matter.
- What combustion vehicle are you considering in addition to an EV?
- What’s the fuel economy for each option?
- Do you qualify for the full federal EV tax credit?
- Are there local or state incentives in your area?
- How many miles do you drive each year?
- How long do you plan to keep the vehicle?
These are the most important questions to ask when deciding whether or not it makes sense to buy an EV in 2022. Have questions? Let us know in the comments, or better yet join the CarEdge family at caredge.kinsta.cloud/community. You can also reach me at [email protected]. We’d love to hear from you.
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These 5 Electric Vehicles are Overpriced!
At a time when the average transaction price for a new vehicle is inching closer to $50,000, getting your money’s worth matters more than ever. Electric vehicles are popular, but they’re expensive. Most importantly, not all EVs are equal in terms of range, charging speed, and overall value for the money. These are the worst deals for a new electric car in 2022, plus some better alternatives on the market today.
Toyota bZ4X
Long the authority when it comes to hybrid powertrains, the world waited with great anticipation for the first all-electric Toyota. The automaker that brought us the legendary Prius collaborated with Subaru to engineer the 2023 Toyota bZ4X, and its sibling the Subaru Solterra (more on that below). The result is puzzling. At a time when Hyundai, General Motors and of course Tesla are bringing cars to market with fast-charging times under 30 minutes, Toyota jumps into the game with an electric crossover that takes a whole hour to charge under optimal conditions.
Okay, so it charges slowly. What about the Toyota bZ4X’s range? The front-wheel drive bZ4X is rated for 242 miles with the Limited trim, and 252 miles on the XLE. Upgrade to dual-motor all-wheel drive, and range suffers. The AWD Toyota bZ4X is EPA-rated for 222 miles on the Limited, and 228 miles with lower trims.
Pricing starts at $43,215 before incentives, and tops out at $49,995 for the bZ4X Limited all-wheel drive.
Here’s a summary of what the 2023 Toyota bZ4X offers:
- Up to 200 miles of range added in one hour
- Peak 150 kilowatt (FWD) or 150 kilowatt (FWD) charging
- 222 to 252 miles of range, depending on trim and motor configuration
- Two different battery suppliers, depending on the trim selected
- bZ4X pricing: $43,215 – $49,995
- The bZ4X does qualify for the $7,500 EV federal tax credit
Subaru Solterra
I get why Subaru drivers love their cars. I’m a fan of the outdoorsy, all-terrain capable vehicles at an attainable price. Now that Subaru’s first electric vehicle has arrived, I’m heartbroken. It’s not a compelling EV, especially compared to the competition as a 2023 model.
Toyota’s new electric platform paired with all-wheel drive and the Subaru badge will set you back at least $46,220, and the Solterra Touring’s MSRP is a lofty $53,220. Range isn’t anything to brag about. In fact, it just might cause range anxiety from day one.
2023 Subaru Solterra
- Price: $46,220 – $53,220
- Range: 222 – 228 miles
- Add up to 180 miles of range in one hour (peak 100 kilowatt charging)
- 8.3 inches of ground clearance (best in class)
- X-MODE electric traction control settings
Perhaps if you don’t travel too far off the beaten path, the 2023 Subaru Solterra could be right for you. But that defeats the purpose of having a Subaru, doesn’t it?
Here’s our full review of the Subaru Solterra.
Volvo XC40 Recharge
When it comes down to the specs, looks and driving experience, the 2022 Volvo XC40 Recharge is not a bad car. Many owners love its zippy performance and Scandinavian looks. What’s not to like? The price paired with the range. The XC40 Recharge is not an affordable EV. With a starting price of $51,700 and most trim options ending up around $60,000, this Volvo’s price approaches that of its competitor: the Tesla Model Y.
Here’s what to expect from the 2022 Volvo XC40 Recharge:
- 223 miles of range
- Up to 156 miles of range added in 37 minutes
- Google operating system for infotainment
- 0-60 time of 4.7 seconds
- Qualifies for the federal EV tax credit
Jaguar I-PACE
The I-PACE was one of the first electric vehicles to earn mainstream popularity in North America. When it arrived in 2018, range and charging capabilities were on-par with the best. What’s the problem then? Jaguar has not invested in powertrain upgrades for the I-PACE, and it has consequently fallen out of favor among EV buyers.
The 2022 Jaguar I-PACE starts at an MSRP of $71,200, plus destination and fees. What do you get for such a lofty price, other than the Jaguar brand?
- 234 miles of range
- Add 187 miles of range (0 to 80%) in 45 minutes at a DC fast charger
- 0 – 60 time of 4.5 seconds
- Qualifies for the federal EV tax credit
Lucid Air
Seasoned electric vehicle enthusiasts may be surprised to see the Lucid Air on this list of overpriced EVs, but hear me out. Although the newly-released 2022 Lucid Air starts at $78,900, you’d be hard pressed to find one in 2022 for under $150,000. Lucid’s design is sharp and sleek, and it’s certainly worthy of a luxury price tag. But if you want all the bells and whistles seen in Lucid’s commercials, brace yourself for sticker shock. The fully-loaded Lucid Air Dream Edition costs $169,900.
Within the electric luxury sedan segment, the Lucid Air makes the Tesla Model S look like a bargain. Although the base ‘Air Pure’ starts at $77,400, the Air Pure won’t be available until late 2022 at the earliest. If you’re looking for luxury, a glass roof, and insane performance, the Tesla Model S offers that and more at $99,990. Even with the federal EV tax credit factored in, the Lucid Air Dream Edition costs over $50,000 more, and stepping down to the Lucid Air Grand Touring at $139,900 will still cost 30% more than the Tesla.
At least you get some impressive specs with the Lucid Air, but the competition offers more value and a longer track record of build quality and electric powertrain performance. Still, the Lucid Air is the range king of all electric cars for now.
- Price (for early 2022 availability): $139,900 – $169,900
- Range: 406 to 520 miles on a charge
- The fastest charging: adds up to 300 miles of range in 20 minutes
- Luxury, but at significant cost
Here’s our full review of the Lucid Air.
Alternatives to Consider
At CarEdge, we’re all about solutions. If you’re on the market for one of these overpriced electric cars, here are some more compelling EVs to take for a test drive.
Electric Crossovers
2022 Hyundai IONIQ 5
Why? For less than $50,000, this retro-styled EV sports a roomy cabin, decent range, and ultra-fast charging powered by the new e-GMP platform’s 800-Volt engineering.
Price: $44,875 – $56,200
Range: 256 to 303 miles
Charge time: Adds 180 – 200 miles of range in 18 minutes (230 kW charge speeds)
Availability: Available now. Check CarEdge Car Dealer Reviews to find the best dealers to work with.
Does it qualify for the federal EV tax credit? Yes!
Learn more with our in-depth review of the IONIQ 5.
2022 Kia EV6
Why? If you love the Hyundai IONIQ 5’s specs and pricing, but aren’t a fan of the looks, chances are the Kia EV6 will be right up your alley. This sporty electric crossover is also powered by the new e-GMP platform’s 800-Volt architecture for the fastest charging available.
Price: $40,900 – $55,900
Range: 274 to 310 miles
Charge time: Adds 190 – 210 miles of range in 18 minutes (230 kW charge speeds)
Availability: Available now. Check CarEdge Car Dealer Reviews to find the best dealers to work with.
Does it qualify for the federal EV tax credit? Yes!
Learn more with our in-depth review of the EV6.
2022 Ford Mustang Mach-E
Why? You’d be hard-pressed to find a dissatisfied Mustang Mach-E owner. This EV is on a much more sport-oriented suspension, with a family-friendly modern interior.
Price: $43,895 – $61,995
Range: 224 to 314 miles
Charge time: Charging improvement incoming via over-the-air update, but for now, the Mustang Mach-E adds 59 miles of range in ten minutes, and charging from 10%-80% takes about 45 minutes.
Availability: Available now. Check CarEdge Car Dealer Reviews to find the best dealers to work with.
Does it qualify for the federal EV tax credit? Yes!
Learn more with our in-depth review of the Mustang Mach-E.
2022 Tesla Model Y
Why? This is still the best electric crossover on the market. Great efficiency, range and charging speeds paired with Tesla’s superior over-the-air update capabilities makes this EV the EV sales leader. If only it still qualified for the federal tax credit!
Price: $62,990 – $82,990
Range: 303 – 330 miles
Charge time: Add 200 miles of range in 15 minutes at over 1,200 Tesla Supercharger locations in North America.
Availability: Available now via Tesla’s direct-to-consumer sales, or pre-owned on CarEdge Car Search.
Does it qualify for the federal EV tax credit? No, not unless the tax credit is revised by congress.
Learn more with our in-depth review of the Model Y.
2022 Volkswagen ID.4
Why? If you can find one at MSRP, the ID.4 is a solid choice for those opting for a more leisurely, less sporty EV. However, it has lost much of its appeal ever since the Hyundai and Kia electric crossovers hit the market with much faster charging.
Price: $41,230 – $52,500
Range: 249 – 260 miles
Charge time: Add up to 190 miles of range in 40 minutes
Availability: Available now. Check CarEdge Car Dealer Reviews to find the best dealers to work with.
Does it qualify for the federal EV tax credit? Yes!
Learn more with our in-depth review of the ID.4.
Electric Luxury Sedans
2022 Tesla Model S
Why? Tesla’s first mass-produced model has matured into the gold standard among luxury EVs. It’s pricey, but sky-high resale value and frequent OTA updates make this Tesla a smart choice for those in the market for something larger than the more popular Model 3.
Price: $99,990 – $156,990
Range: 348 – 405 miles
Charge time: Add up to 200 miles of range in 15 minutes
Availability: Available now via Tesla’s direct-to-consumer sales, or pre-owned on CarEdge Car Search.
Does it qualify for the federal EV tax credit? No, not unless the tax credit is revised by congress.
2022 Mercedes-Benz EQS
Why? The first dedicated electric vehicle from Mercedes to make it to North America is something to behold. It doesn’t have the Tesla Supercharger network, but the interior is luxury on another level.
Price: $102,310 – $108,510
Range: 350 miles
Charge time: Add up to 200 miles of range in 20 minutes
Availability: Available now. Check CarEdge Car Dealer Reviews to find the best dealers to work with.
Does it qualify for the federal EV tax credit? Yes!
Learn more with our in-depth review of the EQS.
Do you agree with this analysis, or did we miss the mark? Please, let us know in the comments below, or join us at the CarEdge Community to talk cars, deals and more. Our CarEdge auto experts are ready to take the headache out of your car buying experience.
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Electric Vehicle Sales and Market Share (US – Q3 2025 Updates)
As electric cars continue to enter the mainstream, the tug-of-war between EV startups and legacy giants is intensifying. With federal EV tax credits now expired, how will EV sales trend? Will Tesla hold its lead, or will Ford, General Motors and the rest catch up? Bookmark this page for the latest quarterly and monthly sales and market share updates for electric vehicles in the United States.
Q3 2025 Electric Vehicle Market Share and Sales (U.S.)
Q3 2025 EV sales numbers reflect the rush to get ahead of the federal tax credit expiration on September 30, 2025:
- U.S. EV market share was 10.5% in Q3 2025, a new record high.
- EV sales volume climbed sharply to a new high of 437,487 fully-electric vehicles sold.
- Tesla dropped further to 41% of U.S. EV market share.
- General Motors doubled EV sales since Q2 2024, while Ford’s EV sales were down.
- Among the nearly 90 EV models on sale, only nine posted sales above 10,000 units.
In the third quarter of 2025, battery electric vehicle market share reached 10.5% of all new car sales in the United States. This is down slightly from 8.9% one year prior, and nearly unchanged from 7.2% of the market in Q2 2025.
Q3 2025 EV Sales Totals
Here’s how U.S. EV sales totals in Q3 2025 compare to the past three years:
| Automaker | Q1 2022 | Q2 2022 | Q3 2022 | Q4 2022 | Q1 2023 | Q2 2023 | Q3 2023 | Q4 2023 | Q1 2024 | Q2 2024 | Q3 2024 | Q4 2024 | Q1 2025 | Q2 2025 | Q3 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tesla (estimate) | 129,743 | 130,047 | 114,000 | 131,574 | 161,630 | 175,262 | 156,621 | 161,375 | 140,187 | 164,264 | 166,923 | 154,900 | 128,100 | 143,535 | 179,525 |
| Ford Motor Company | 6,734 | 15,273 | 18,257 | 20,339 | 10,866 | 14,843 | 20,962 | 25,937 | 20,223 | 23,957 | 23,509 | 30,176 | 22,550 | 16,438 | 30,612 |
| General Motors | 457 | 7,217 | 15,156 | 16,150 | 20,670 | 15,652 | 20,057 | 19,469 | 16,169 | 21,930 | 32,095 | 43,982 | 31,887 | 46,280 | 66,501 |
| Honda Motor Co | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1,873 | 15,291 | 18,838 | 14,374 | 12,278 | 22,236 |
| Nissan | 4,371 | 3,251 | 1,276 | 3,308 | 5,214 | 4,215 | 6,074 | 5,113 | 5,284 | 7,128 | 10,066 | 8,546 | 6,471 | 9,073 | 3,934 |
| Volkswagen Group | 7,932 | 8,961 | 11,893 | 15,193 | 15,723 | 13,977 | 20,295 | 20,403 | 13,806 | 11,904 | 11,900 | 9,755 | 19,827 | 11,043 | 37,400 |
| Hyundai Group (incl. Kia) | 15,480 | 17,979 | 9,796 | 9,641 | 14,346 | 21,696 | 30,757 | 25,447 | 22,936 | 37,044 | 29,609 | 39,649 | 22,995 | 21,493 | 48,650 |
| Subaru | 0 | 0 | 0 | 919 | 1,359 | 1,613 | 2,791 | 3,109 | 1,147 | 4,238 | 3,752 | 3,310 | 3,131 | 3,370 | 3,471 |
| Toyota Motor N.A. | 0 | 0 | 240 | 985 | 1,840 | 2,893 | 4,221 | 5,718 | 3,500 | 11,607 | 6,851 | 6,309 | 7,064 | 5,964 | 5,032 |
| Mercedes-Benz | 2,091 | 1,959 | 2,717 | 5,656 | 5,053 | 9,029 | 10,423 | 10,767 | 12,250 | 9,270 | 9,447 | 3,763 | 3,472 | 4,611 | 5,973 |
| Mazda | 0 | 0 | 0 | 324 | 15 | 51 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| BMW Group | 1,171 | 1,082 | 4,337 | 7,099 | 6,585 | 11,990 | 13,594 | 15,364 | 11,455 | 14,081 | 13,028 | 13,876 | 14,234 | 11,094 | 10,950 |
| Jaguar | 0 | 114 | 0 | 298 | 8 | 80 | 86 | 78 | 256 | 1,188 | 779 | 763 | 381 | N/A | N/A |
| Stellantis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 204 | 235 | 531 | 4,990 | 2,352 | 6,939 |
| Volvo-Polestar | 3,092 | 4,518 | 3,510 | 5,616 | 5,228 | 7,608 | 7,797 | 6,531 | 3,279 | 2,285 | 3,913 | 3,028 | 2,718 | 2,898 | 3,058 |
| Rivian | 1,227 | 4,467 | 6,584 | 8,054 | 7,946 | 12,640 | 15,564 | 13,553 | 13,588 | 13,790 | 10,018 | 8,503 | 8,640 | 10,599 | 13,201 |
| Lucid | 460 | 482 | 1,398 | 1,060 | 1,368 | 1,659 | 1,618 | 1,512 | 1,967 | 1,855 | 2,781 | 3,099 | 2,400 | 2,635 | 4,078 |
| Vinfast | - | - | - | - | 110 | 740 | 1,159 | 1,120 | 927 | 1,225 | N/A | 1,800 | 525 | N/A | N/A |
| Additional EV Models | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5,930 | 3,508 | 2,288 |
| TOTAL US EV sales | 173,561 | 196,788 | 188,924 | 226,789 | 258,882 | 295,355 | 313,086 | 317,168 | 268,909 | 330,463 | 346,309 | 348,879 | 296,227 | 310,839 | 437,487 |
Data source: Cox Automotive
% EV Market Share By Brand (U.S.)
Data for Q3 2025 will be available as automaker sales totals are finalized in October.
| Automaker | Q1 2022 | Q2 2022 | Q3 2022 | Q4 2022 | Q1 2023 | Q2 2023 | Q3 2023 | Q4 2023 | Q1 2024 | Q2 2024 | Q3 2024 | Q4 2024 | Q1 2025 | Q2 2025 | Q3 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tesla | 74.8 | 66.1 | 60.3 | 58.0 | 62.4 | 59.3 | 50.0 | 50.9 | 52.1 | 49.7 | 48.2 | 44.4 | 43.5 | 46.2 | 40.9 |
| Ford | 4.4 | 7.8 | 9.7 | 9.0 | 4.2 | 5.0 | 6.7 | 8.2 | 7.5 | 7.2 | 8.6 | 8.7 | 7.7 | 5.3 | 7.0 |
| General Motors | 0.3 | 3.7 | 8.0 | 7.2 | 8.0 | 5.3 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 6.6 | 9.3 | 12.6 | 10.8 | 14.9 | 15.2 |
| Honda Motor Co | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 4.4 | 5.4 | 4.8 | 4.0 | 5.1 |
| Nissan | 2.5 | 1.7 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 1.4 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 1.0 |
| Volkswagen Group | 4.6 | 4.6 | 6.3 | 6.7 | 6.1 | 4.8 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 5.1 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 2.8 | 6.7 | 3.6 | 8.5 |
| Hyundai Motor Group (incl. Kia) | 8.9 | 9.1 | 5.2 | 4.3 | 5.6 | 7.3 | 9.9 | 8.0 | 8.5 | 11.2 | 6.8 | 11.4 | 7.8 | 6.9 | 11.1 |
| Mercedes-Benz | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 4.6 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.4 |
| Mazda | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Toyota Motor N.A. | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 3.5 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 1.9 | 1.1 |
| Subaru | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.8 |
| BMW | 0.7 | 0.5 | 2.3 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 4.8 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 4.8 | 3.6 | 2.5 |
| Stellantis | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.7 | 0.8 | 1.6 |
| Jaguar | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Rivian | 0.7 | 2.3 | 3.5 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 4.3 | 5.0 | 4.3 | 5.1 | 4.2 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 3.4 | 3.0 |
| Lucid | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 |
| Vinfast | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 |
| Volvo/Polestar | 1.9 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.7 |
| Other EV Sales | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.0 | 2.0 | 0.5 |
Data source: Cox Automotive
In Q3 2025, Tesla was down to 41% of EV market share in America. Tesla remains the dominant player in an increasingly crowded field, even with falling market share. According to analyses by Cox Automotive, Tesla sales accounted for 49% of all EVs sold in the US in 2024, down from 55% in 2023, and 62% in 2022. At the start of 2022, Tesla had a 75% EV market share in America.
Ford, GM, and Hyundai Motor Group continue to fight for second place. Hyundai and Kia EV sales soared in 2024, but have waned this year. Last year, Ford’s EV sales were overtaken by GM somewhat unexpectedly. GM is now running away from Ford, outselling their chief rival nearly three to one.
Historical Data
| Q1 2023 | Q2 2023 | Q3 2023 | Q4 2023 | Q1 2024 | Q2 2024 | Q3 2024 | Q4 2024 | Q1 2025 | Q2 2025 | |
| Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) | 7.3% | 7.2% | 7.9% | 8.1% | 7.3% | 8.0% | 8.9% | 8.7% | 7.5% | 7.4% |
| Electrified (HEV, PHEV, BEV) | 14.5% | 16.0% | 17.7% | 16.0% | 17.8% | 19.1% | 21.2% | 30.7% | TBD | TBD |
In 2024, the US EV market share reached 8.1% of all light vehicle sales, up from 7.3% of sales in 2023. In 2022, 5.8% of the new cars Americans bought were fully electric, which was a sharp increase from 3.2% in 2021.
According to EIA.gov, Combined sales of hybrid vehicles, plug-in hybrids, and battery electric vehicles in the United States rose to 16.3% of total new light-duty vehicle sales in 2023. In 2022, hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and BEV sales were 12.9% of total sales.
Electrified powertrains continue to see rapid growth, despite less growth in the electric-only segment.
5 Reasons Why You Should Plan Ahead Before Buying an Electric Car
Sadly, these days it’s not possible to leisurely head to a dealership and pick out the perfect vehicle. Inventory remains at record lows, and supply chain shortages are going to get worse before they get better. The electric lifestyle is an adjustment for most first-time EV buyers, and preparation eases the transition considerably. You don’t want your new car honeymoon to be ruined by missed opportunities or misconceptions. Here are five reasons why you should plan ahead before making your first electric car purchase.
Inventory is hard to come by
Inventory is slim to none for all new autos, and electric vehicles have been hit especially hard by the supply shortages of 2021 and 2022. EVs are the product of truly global supply chains, and that makes them particularly vulnerable to disruptions. EV leader Tesla has so far avoided the worst of the supply shortages, however high demand has new orders seeing delivery dates over 8 months away.
Tesla isn’t the only automaker seeing serious delays. The popular Volkswagen ID.4, Ford Mustang Mach-E and Hyundai IONIQ 5 are all hard to find on a dealer lot nationwide. Data from Cox Automotive shows that day’s supply, the preferred industry metric for new car availability, is dismal for several electric vehicle makers.
Here’s the day’s supply for popular brands that sell electric cars in America. Tesla, Rivian and Lucid sell directly to consumers, so there is no available data for their models.
- Kia: 19
- Volkswagen: 29 days
- Nissan: 34
- Hyundai: 35
- Chevrolet: 39
- Ford: 40
As bad as these supply estimates are, many shoppers note that many dealers have just a few cars on the lot. Don’t expect to find exactly what you want at your local dealership.
The solution to EV inventory woes: place an order
If you’re eager to get yourself into a new car as soon as possible, check out CarEdge Car Search to locate electric cars around the country. Beware misleading postings from dealerships. I’ve found that about half of dealer postings are actually misrepresenting cars that are already spoken for.
It’s not fun, but it’s worth it to call around. Soon, you may find yourself forgetting which dealers you’ve contacted, so it’s wise to keep a spreadsheet of who you’ve reached out to, and their inventory situation. While you’re at it, keep track of what their dealer markups are for EVs. Some dealers are taking advantage of the situation and charging $5,000, $10,000 or even $20,000 over MSRP.
If you don’t find what you’re looking for at a competitive price point, most automakers let you place an order for their popular EVs. Sometimes, you’ll have to order through a dealership, so keep that in mind if you don’t see a way to place an order on the automaker’s website. For example, the Hyundai IONIQ 5 and Cadillac Lyriq can only be ordered through a participating dealer.
If you have your eyes set on a Tesla, placing an order is simple. In fact, it takes just a few minutes (but requires a non-refundable deposit). However, demand far exceeds supply for Tesla models. Expect to wait 6-10 months for a Model Y.
Make plans for charging your electric car
If you drive less than 30 miles a day and live near public fast chargers, don’t sweat it. However, long distance commuters and rural EV owners will be glad they thought about how to meet their charging needs.
Over 80% of electric car charging is done at home at affordable residential electricity rates, costing less than $15 for a full charge. If you skip any special home charger installation, plugging in to a typical wall socket will add two to four miles of range per hour. Over 12 hours (at night, for example), a standard wall outlet will add about 25 to 50 miles of range. However, frequent travelers will get tired of the slow charging speeds possible with basic 110-volt wall outlets.
For those who regularly drive more than 50 miles each day, it will likely be worth the investment to get a level 2 home charger installed. A level 2 charger increases power supply to 240 volts, and adds about 20 to 40 miles of range per hour. Unless you’re lucky enough to already have a 240-volt dryer outlet in your garage, installing a level 2 charger at home can cost between $700 and $1500, depending on labor costs and the condition of existing electrical infrastructure in the home.
We’ve covered all you need to know about how much it costs to charge an electric car in our CarEdge guide to charging.
Do you need fast charging?
At some point, a public DC fast charger will be essential for travels. If you purchase an electric vehicle with over 200 miles of range, getting to one shouldn’t be a problem. However, there continues to be wide variation in charge times, and that will make or break the EV ownership experience for frequent travelers.
The Hyundai IONIQ 5, Kia EV6 and Tesla models can all add about 200 miles of driving range in about 20 minutes. However, the 2023 Subaru Solterra EV takes 56 minutes to add the same range. Pay attention to the details, and consider how each electric model would fit into your lifestyle and needs.
Taxes, rebates and more: When will you benefit the most from EV incentives?
For many households, tax liability fluctuates from year to year. If you know when a particularly large tax bill will be due, it might be a great time to buy an electric vehicle. The current federal electric vehicle tax credit is worth up to $7,500, however tax filers who owe at least as much in annual tax liability will get the full benefit from the credit. For example, a family who has a federal tax liability of $5,500 will only be able to claim $5,500 of the EV tax credit. That’s why it makes sense to purchase an EV when tax liability is expected to be at least $7,500.
Plug-in hybrids qualify for between $2,500 and $7,500, depending on battery size.
The credit (non-refundable) remains in effect for all automakers who have yet to reach the law’s 200,000-vehicle limit. Tesla and General Motors have surpassed the limit, so buyers of the Bolt, Silverado EV, and Tesla models won’t benefit from this generous incentive unless Congress overhauls the law. Revisions to the EV tax credit are possible in 2022. Stay up to date with the latest EV tax credit developments here.
Where will you go for EV service?
If you live anywhere near a major metropolitan area, especially along the coasts, you’ve got nothing to worry about. The rest of us need to bear in mind the limits of EV newcomers like Rivian, Lucid and Fisker when it comes to serviceability. Tesla now has 150 service centers across the country, but a few states remain without a Tesla service center. Fisker’s affordable Ocean electric SUV is loaded with impressive specs, however service centers will be few and far between for years to come.
This is where the strength of legacy automakers really stands out. A Tesla or Rivian service center will be hard to find in rural America, however legacy automakers have established dealer networks in every corner of the country.
Before you go out and buy an EV, have a plan for how and where you’ll get it serviced. Electric vehicles come with a great warranty, so you’ll definitely want a way to take advantage of it.
Consider upcoming models and updates before buying
There’s always something bigger and better in the development pipeline. Newer models tout more range, faster charging and improved performance. On the other hand, prices tick upward with every added feature.
When does it make sense to hold out for the latest and greatest? It depends on what you value most, and which electric vehicle features you desire most. Looking to get more range out of a Volkswagen or Hyundai EV? 2023 models get a slight bump. Craving faster charging? Waiting a year might save you five minutes per charge. Don’t expect huge changes from one year to the next. Automakers have set the expectation for incremental improvements.
Ultimately, it will be up to you to decide what’s worth the wait, and when it makes sense to buy (or lease) an electric car.
CarEdge’s Take
Planning ahead for your electric car purchase not only has the potential to save you money, it also makes the transition to the electric lifestyle a lot easier. It’s important to consider your household’s unique needs and wants as you shop around. In 2022, EVs represent past, present and leading-edge technologies at a wide range of price points. Here at CarEdge, we’re keeping track of EV availability in 2022.
As always, CarEdge Electric is here to empower you with the knowledge to approach car ownership with confidence. Our weekly EV newsletter is full of helpful tips, the latest EV news, and new car reviews. Consider becoming a member for expert insights and one-on-one guidance throughout the car buying process.
